Blog
Brighton Science Blog
Topic: Cleaning Processes
Guess the Contact Angle: Abraded Aluminum
As part of the Guess the Contact Angle series, we have brought you a new video that demonstrates how the surface quality of a material changes based on common surface preparation processes. In this video, we’ll be using the same piece of aluminum, but now we’ll see what happens when we abrade...
Read
Topics:
Posts by Topic
Guess the Contact Angle: IPA Wiped Aluminum
As part of the Guess the Contact Angle series, we have brought you a new video that highlights best practices when cleaning material surfaces with IPA wipes and we will ask you to "guess" the contact angle measurement after the surface has been cleaned. The contact angle featured in this demo...
Read
Topics:
How Manufacturers Can Optimize the Effectiveness of Plasma Activation
In last week’s blog post, Using Plasma for Surface Cleaning and Activation Rose Roberts, Ph.D., Senior Custom Applications and Materials Engineer, discussed how to use plasma for the dual purposes of cleaning critical surfaces and activating critical surfaces as they are prepared for bonding,...
Read
Topics:
Using Plasma for Surface Cleaning and Activation
Today’s blog post is the first of a two-part series focusing on plasma. In today’s post, with the help of Rose Roberts, Ph.D., Senior Custom Applications and Materials Engineer, we are going to review plasma basics and discuss how plasma can be used for both cleaning and surface activation. We...
Read
Topics:
Surface Quality Measurements Enable Plating and Coating Chemistry Suppliers to Guarantee Quality to Their Customers
Automotive supply chains are complex. Nearly 78 million vehicles were manufactured in 2020. Each vehicle may have upwards of 30,000 individual parts. Automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) need to manage billions of parts annually. If any of these parts fail, vehicle performance is...
Read
Topics:
Quantifying the Effectiveness of High Volume Metal Cleaning in Fresh and Aged Baths
In today’s video we will show you how to quantify the surface quality of metals when using fresh and aged baths. We will demonstrate how Water Contact Angle (WCA) measurements can provide feedback in less than two seconds on the effectiveness of your cleaning process and will enable you to...
Read
Topics:
What Are Material Handling Best Practices to Keep Surfaces Clean?
Does your business, or your customer’s business, deal with adhesion – either in the form of bonding, coating, sealing, printing or painting? Given that these processes may be occurring either upstream or downstream, does everyone in your organization share a common understanding and appreciation...
Read
Topics:
Guess the Contact Angle
In today’s blog post, we are going to have a bit of fun using video to learn more about contact angles. We will show you a contact angle and will ask you to “guess” the contact angle measurement. The contact angle featured in this demo is formed by a water droplet deposited on a piece of ‘as...
Read
Topics:
Does Surface Roughness Impact Surface Analyst Measurements?
In response to customer inquiries regarding surface energy, the Materials and Process Specialists at BTG Labs launched a research project to determine whether contact angle measurements obtained by the Surface Analyst™ are impacted by surface roughness. The study examined the effect--or lack...
Read
Topics:
BTG Labs Earns ISO 9001:2015 Certification Demonstrating Commitment to High Quality Standards
Cincinnati, OH - BTG Labs, the industry leader in industrial cleaning, surface treatment, and adhesion process control, has earned ISO 9001:2015 Certification. Internationally recognized as the standard for quality management, ISO 9001:2015 certification signals to customers that BTG Labs’...
Read
Topics:
Henkel and BTG Labs Partner to Establish Surface Measurement Standards
Highly engineered products, such as radar, guidance, and communication systems for commercial and defense aerospace applications use highly engineered materials when building products. As a supplier of sophisticated adhesives used in these high-end applications, it is not enough to merely sell...
Read
Topics:
Contact Angle Measurements Can Be Used With Statistical Analysis To Predict Surface Quality
The use of contact angles to measure surface quality has been widely adopted throughout many industries and applications. Your organization, too, has recognized that contact angle measurements provide consistent and objective results in determining whether a surface has been properly prepared...
Read
Topics:
Why You Should Rethink Your Manufacturing Cleaning Process
In manufacturing, a final assembly is only as reliable as its constituent parts and the bonding or joining method used to hold them together, or the coating method used for corrosion protection and/or the final aesthetic touch. In order to guarantee the strength and successful performance of a...
Read
Topics:
The Best Method of Measuring Contact Angles for Reliable Manufacturing Processes
"Materials Science" sounds niche, and even a little peculiar, but no manufacturer is a stranger to the implications of material science principles for building reliable products. Materials react with one another. Material properties impact how these interactions occur. Accurately anticipating,...
Read
Topics:
Why Knowing Water Contact Angle is Important for Successful Adhesive Performance
Adhesives are an integral part of modern manufacturing, but choosing the right adhesive is only one part of the equation. It’s well known that you won’t get a reliable bond with an adhesive if you just slap the adhesive on to your material without doing anything to prepare that surface. What...
Read
Topics:
How to Avoid Polymeric Coating Failure Which Leads to Corrosion in Materials
We know that plastics are in nearly everything these days, but we don’t often think about how plastics are also on nearly everything. Polymer coatings are as common as the latex paint covering the walls of your house. For industrial use, polymeric coatings have been protecting and beautifying...
Read
Topics:
What are Surfactants and How Do They Impact Surface Tension?
What are Surfactants and How Do They Impact Surface Tension? In recent articles we’ve discussed what surface tension and surface energy are. Manufacturers need to acquaint themselves with these concepts because controlling surface quality through surface energy measurement of solid materials is...
Read
Topics:
What is the Difference Between Surface Free Energy and Surface Energy
When it comes down to it, this is another purely semantic question much like the one we dealt with in another article comparing the terms “surface tension” and “surface energy.” Surface free energy is free energy in a particular space - the surfaces of materials. Free energy, in its most...
Read
Topics:
Surface Energy Measurement is the Key to Process Control and High Performance
When manufacturing companies take adhesion seriously it can have a remarkable effect on their ability to achieve their business goals. The key is to take a strategic look at adhesion processes early in product development. Glues, epoxies, coatings and other adhesives are coming alongside or...
Read
Topics:
Maintaining Consistent Adhesion Quality for Shoe Manufacturers even with Material Changes
There are a lot of reasons why sneakerheads love the shoes they covet. Athletic shoes have become one of the most sought after clothing items due to their aesthetic appeal but also because of the ever-evolving material innovations of shoe manufacturers. Shoes were once ubiquitously leather or...
Read
Topics:
How Surface Sensitive Measurements Help Medical Device Manufacturers Avoid Regulatory Bottlenecks
The pathway to zero defect manufacturing through implementation of quality control procedures is found right there in the name. Quality control requires the control of variables to ensure quality outcomes. But it’s the former that is beguiling to quality engineers. The variables in manufacturing...
Read
Topics:
Don’t Let This Process Gap Ruin Your Polymeric Powder Coating
Powder coating is a widely used painting and coating technique to create protective and aesthetic barriers on products from vending machines at municipal pools to washers and dryers, or cars sitting in your driveway. This ingenious technology, that uses an electrostatic charge to bind polymeric...
Read
Topics:
Manufacturing Best Practices for Business Continuity Plans
Even though coming to the end of 2020 has not at all meant the end of the impact of Covid-19, manufacturers are pushing forward to make sure 2021 is not marred by the setbacks of this year. This has not been a normal economic downturn and the ways to remain resilient in the past are not enough...
Read
Topics:
How to Achieve Zero Defect Manufacturing: The Promise of Industry 4.0
It’s a common fallacy to assume we have a handle on the future based on past or present circumstances. If 2020 has collectively taught us anything, the bright shiny lesson is likely that we should never be so hubristic to assume we can know what challenges the future holds. A second lesson,...
Read
Topics:
What is the Best Surface Quality Inspection for Smart Manufacturing?
Manufacturing processes can, on the surface, appear to be an amorphous web of convoluted conveyors and machinating machinery. But taking a closer look through the eyes of a quality engineer reveals that the process that leads to reliable products is, in fact, itself a series of decisions, each...
Read
Topics:
How to Use Contact Angle Measurements to Dramatically Reduce Scrap
Predicting production outcomes in manufacturing relies on accurate data that calculates the variables that actually matter to things like reliability, performance and longevity of the product. There are countless tests to examine every conceivably measurable aspect of production. Metrology is...
Read
Topics:
What Medical Device Manufacturers Need From Surface Cleanliness Testing
Quality tests during medical device production need to check a lot of boxes for manufacturers. Testing must increase confidence in product reliability in order to be worthwhile to manufacturers. What’s more, that confidence needs to be measurable and reportable because companies cannot tolerate...
Read
Topics:
Where to Look to Achieve Operational Visibility in Manufacturing
Enterprise manufacturing operations are made up of interlocking, overlapping and critically interdependent processes. Each process in this symbiotic web consists of a series of steps that are only successful when the invisible details are unshrouded and subject to quantitative quality parameters.
Read
Topics:
Effective Strategies for Efficient and Reliable Manufacturing That Can’t Wait
The sea change of 2020 has accelerated many shifts that were taking place within manufacturing over the past decade. We are either kicking down the door or being unwittingly swept over the threshold into the next industrial revolution. This transformation requires a paradigm shift from...
Read
Topics:
The Huge Need for Zero Defect, Large Scale Molding Processes
Backyard pool retail showrooms are a true wonder. Seeing behemoth, empty vessels crowding a giant indoor space is disorienting, but it’s not the most stunning aspect of that strange, magical feeling. What makes these massive pools so improbable is that each one is just one solid, pristine,...
Read
Topics:
How to Get a Stronger Weld Through Cleaning
Even though we look around us and see plastic everywhere, in every shape and imaginable application, metals are still a more commonly used raw material in machined products. Metals are the legacy material of choice due to their strength and relative ease of bonding, but advances in polymers are...
Read
Topics:
3 Things You Need to Know to Create Strong, Reliable Bonds With Laser Cleaning
Manufacturers are always looking to create stronger, more durable, more reliable and, in the automotive and aerospace sectors, lightweight products. In this pursuit they’ve often upgraded and swapped out material systems for metal alloys that have lower density, better temperature tolerance and...
Read
Topics:
How to Bond Fiber Reinforced Plastics for Harsh Environments
Many manufacturers have a dual performance concern when their products are out there in the world being used in whatever capacity they were designed for. These parallel interests are: how to maintain appearance and how to guarantee structural integrity through common usage of the products. ...
Read
Topics:
Controlling Parts Washing Methods for Medical Components
Cleanliness is next to production standardization requirements for medical device manufacturers (as the old saying goes). Devices built to be inserted within the human body understandably need to meet the highest cleanliness standards. Companies in this industry have already known what many of...
Read
Topics:
The Best Way to Verify Medical Diagnostics Coatings
The biomedical industry runs on testing. Testing is at the heart of meeting extensive requirements to ensure healthcare practices and facilities are safe. A kind of testing that has been on all of our minds lately is the kind of testing that analyzes the presence of diseases. Often these tests...
Read
Topics:
Will New Hand Washing Practices Cause Problems for Manufacturing?
Like many industries during the COVID-19 crisis, manufacturing has had to make big changes including scaling back its workforce, enforcing new and intensified hygiene standards and taking a closer look at workplace cleanliness. Looking ahead to the permanent adjustments we’re all making, it’s...
Read
Topics:
How to Protect Overmolded Connectors for Medical Devices
Protective coverings are part and parcel of our lives these days. For industries reliant upon electronic components and connectors, protective coverings in the form of polymeric overmolding encapsulation need to remain sealed and impervious to the environment. To accomplish this, manufacturers...
Read
Topics:
Covid-19: Biological vs. Chemical Contamination in Manufacturing
Lately, the whole world has been having variations on the same conversation. Whether the discussion centers on N95 masks, toilet paper, hand sanitizer, disinfecting wipes, or what movies to watch while maintaining a safe social distance, the underlying concern is about cleanliness. At BTG Labs...
Read
Topics:
Cleaning Strategies for Great Adhesion
Cleanliness in manufacturing gains avid devotees all the time. Once the importance of cleanliness is grasped, it’s nearly impossible to think about manufacturing processes without considering the pervasive impact cleanliness has on every aspect and feature of the process. Cleaning as a means to...
Read
Topics:
Plasma Treatment for Complete and Reliable Cleaning with Richard Burke
At IPC APEX 2020 in San Diego we wanted to explore the ways that electronics manufacturers, who are encapsulating their circuit boards with a conformal coating, are cleaning their boards. What are the benefits to their current processes and what are some things manufacturers could learn to make...
Read
Topics:
History of Cleaning for Ideal Electronics Manufacturing with Mike Konrad
At IPC APEX 2020 in San Diego we got the chance to sit down and chat with Mike Konrad, from Aqueous Technologies and the Reliability Matters podcast, a show about the reliability of circuit assemblies. Mike is an electronics components and assemblies cleaning expert, whose mission is to...
Read
Topics:
Why Surface Cleanliness is Crucial for Electronic PCBs
Defining “clean” is actually more complicated than it sounds. Cleanliness can be in the eye of the beholder (I mean, we all had a college roommate who swore they were tidy, but let’s be honest…) and it can also be calculated and precisely managed to the nth degree. In regard to pcb cleanliness...
Read
Topics:
Is Roughness as Important as Surface Cleanliness to Adhesion?
When the subject of material surfaces comes up among manufacturing engineers the discussion usually centers on the physical attributes of that surface; the surface topography or morphology, or more simply - the surface roughness. Preparing material surfaces for assembly, coating, painting or...
Read
Topics:
Best Approach to Adhesion Failure Root-Cause Analysis
There are a lot of options available to manufacturers who are trying to prevent product failures caused by imperfect adhesion. Many times the plan of attack is to budget adhesion failures into the scrap rate and consider the job done. In other, more dramatic instances, companies will overhaul...
Read
Topics:
Identifying Adhesive Bond Failure Points in Manufacturing
Adhesion processes vary widely across different industries that incorporate bonding, sealing, printing, coating, painting or cleaning into their manufacturing operations. Every adhesion process is constructed differently based upon what the product being manufactured requires. However, all...
Read
Topics:
How to Ensure a Manufacturing Surface is Clean Enough for Adhesion
Cleanliness and adhesion go hand-in-hand. If you’re looking for an adhesion process to be successful then you are also absolutely interested in cleaning the materials involved in the application. In order to get the most out of your cleaning operations it’s imperative to know three things: ...
Read
Topics:
4 Manufacturing Process Gaps that Create Adhesion Problems
Process gaps emerge in production processes any time manufacturers do not have all the information they need to make decisions that will prevent or solve adhesion problems. Often these gaps are the result of oversights, however, sometimes they can exist and be difficult to detect because they...
Read
Topics:
Expert Guide to Create a Surface Quality Specification
Various industries have different names for ways they change material surfaces during a production process. In medical fields and other industries dealing with high-reliability polymers they’ll refer to the treatment of materials. In automotive and machining sectors the word used is often ...
Read
Topics:
How to Fix Common Causes of Adhesion Problems
Manufacturers often have a large blind spot when it comes to the causes of adhesion problems. This blind spot makes it impossible to solve these problems and generates frustration and loss rather than productivity and adhesion success. Taking the blinders off and taking on adhesion failure at...
Read
Topics:
How to Get the Most out of Industrial Parts Washers
Parts washers are the heavy-duty, hardworking machines that have become irreplaceable staples in any automotive or machined part manufacturing process. As manufacturing processes have become more sophisticated, the industries using parts washers includes not only industrial metals and aerospace...
Read
Topics:
Webinar: BTG Labs + Plasmatreat Team Up for Polymer Surface Activation Discussion
This Tuesday, December 11 at 2pm EST we'll be partnering with Plasmatreat, a developer of surface treatment systems, to present a webinar hosted by Plastics Technology magazine. Dr. Giles Dillingham, BTG Labs' CEO and Chief Scientist, and Khoren Sahagian, Chief Process Engineer and Applications...
Read
Topics:
NASA and UVA Work with Brighton Science (formerly BTG Labs) to Co-Author Spectroscopy Journal Article
Brighton Science's Founder and Chief Scientist, Dr. Giles Dillingham and Research and Development Chemist, Brooke Campbell recently collaborated with NASA scientists and researchers from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Virginia on an article published...
Read
Topics:
Looking at a Turkey Through the Eyes of a BTG Process Engineer
Ever wonder what a hungry BTG Process Engineer is pondering while preparing the turkey for the feast of gratitude to be shared around the Thanksgiving table? The sharp minds at BTG Labs are ever vigilant in the quest for a surface state properly prepared for the task at hand; whether that be...
Read
Topics:
What Does Clean Mean?
This article was co-written by Elizabeth Kidd, BTG Labs' Custom Applications Scientist and Research and Development Chemist. Coating and adhesive bonding are extremely common manufacturing process steps. It may seem obvious, but to ensure success in these applications, surfaces must be properly ...
Read
Topics:
Adhesive Failure is a Good Thing, and here's why
Adhesion failure in manufacturing is an opportunity in disguise for exceptional business growth...if you do the work to understand the why behind your failures. Say what?
Read
Topics:
Your Technicians Are Solvent Wiping Aluminum Wrong (and what to do about it)
Your Technicians are Solvent Wiping Aluminum Wrong “We need to be solvent wiping our aluminum before it’s coated/painted/sealed/insert adhesion-intensive process here.” Technically, that’s correct...you should be. But is that understanding enough?
Read
Topics:
How to Uncover Hidden Adhesion Problems in Your Manufacturing Process
“We didn’t even know we were having process problems.” It’s an all-too-common phrase we hear from our customers, when they realize the level of understanding available to them now in their manufacturing operation. Simply put, you can’t solve an adhesion problem that doesn’t exist, and we’re...
Read
Topics:
The Top 4 Reasons Your Material Surface Isn’t Ready for Processing
Incoming! What’s that sound? That’s the sound of manufacturers not having a supplier specification created for incoming materials in their operation. It’s like the old piece of wisdom: You can’t know where you’re going unless you know where you came from. While we’re not exactly sure who said...
Read
Topics:
Surface Stories: A Golden Bonding Opportunity
When most of us think of gold, we think of watches, rings, necklaces and even teeth. For electronics manufacturer’s, gold is one of the highest quality and most electrically conductive materials used in electrical component manufacturing. In order to best perform its golden duty as a conductor...
Read
Topics:
New Life for Catheter Manufacturing: Proving Surface Quality to the FDA
“We’re manufacturing catheters, but currently we don’t have a reliable way to prove to the FDA that our plasma treatment process is effective and in control” It's no surprise that manufacturing in the medical world carries with it a unique level of responsibility. The comfort and safety of...
Read
Topics:
Surface Stories: When “clean” means not so clean
When it comes to preparing raw materials for adhesion in manufacturing, optimizing the level of surface preparation is directly related to achieving the highest quality final product. Under-preparing a surface, or over-preparing a surface both mean sub-par adhesion when it comes time to bond,...
Read
Topics:
When it comes to low water contact angles, the Surface Analyst “means” business
The desktop goniometer is a widely-used and accepted method of obtaining surface energy measurements of materials in the lab setting. For those unfamiliar, the goniometer uses the “profile-view method,” with water contact angle obtained optically as viewed from the side. This method effectively...
Read
Topics:
Supplier Product Quality: Common Questions Circuit Board Printers and Manufacturers Ask BTG Labs
We get our circuit boards from an international supplier and don't have a clear understanding of what the , so how can we trust they understand our concerns and are objective with their answers?
Read
Topics:
How manufacturers can slide into FDA validation of their medical tubing
Image above: Medical catheters used with a custom fixture
Read
Topics:
Customer Journey: Medical Tubing Gets Validated
How do we obtain FDA validation on our medical tubing when there’s no way to show quality in a measurable and specific way? A question all too commonly faced in the medical device industry, with the answer meaning acceptance of the product and the ability to sell without risking legal...
Read
Topics:
BTG Labs Presenting New Paper at ASNT 2017
BTG Labs is excited to present a new paper at the ASNT (American Soceity for Nondestructive Testing) Annual Conference 2017. Taking place in Nashville, Tennessee October 30 to November 2, this event brings together individuals and companies from a diverse range of industries including...
Read
Topics:
BTG Labs Takes on Vegas
Image above: BTG Labs Sales Engineer, Derrick Merrell enjoying a game of Jenga at Pack Expo 2017. Last week, BTG Labs traveled to Las Vegas for the largest and most comprehensive packaging event in North America: PACK EXPO 2017. BTG Labs Sales Engineers met with leaders of the packaging...
Read
Topics:
How the Surface Analyst Optimizes Parts Washer Performance
Parts washers play an integral role in manufacturing, especially on machined parts and bonding surfaces. Prior to coating, sealing, painting, and welding, parts washers help remove contaminants generated from fabrication to facilitate stronger bonds. But, for a reliable bond to form, the surface...
Read
Topics:
Tales from the M&P Lab
In the BTG Labs’ Materials and Processing laboratory, magic happens. Or, at least it seems that way. In the BTG Lab our specialists see the unseen. They reveal the invisible. We’re talking about invisible surface chemistry, of course. “Usually, the customer knows there’s something wrong with the...
Read
Topics:
Surfactant Detection and 9 Other Surface Measurement "Hacks"
Brighton Science's Surface Analyst is more than just a fast, easy, accurate, hand-held, non-destructive, objective surface cleanliness gauge. It encompasses features to personalize your application for measuring on different parts and for different purposes. Because we work in highly diverse...
Read
Topics:
Don't Get Burned this Memorial Day Weekend: A Unique Surface Analyst Application
Every year for Memorial Day weekend, my family would pack up the station wagon and head to the lake. The weekend would be filled with red, white and blue, firing grills, festive picnic tables, and bathing suits. My mother would chide me to apply sunscreen before doing anything. And time after...
Read
Topics:
How Clean, is Clean Enough?
Manufacturers often encounter a similar puzzle, when cleaning invisible contaminants from a surface, how do you know when the surface is clean; how clean is clean enough? This is a common question that manufacturers ask when preparing their surfaces for bonding, coating, sealing, printing or...
Read
Topics:
Keeping Your Golf Equipment on Par: Why Top Manufacturers Turn to the Surface Analyst
There’s nothing like arriving at the course on a fresh spring morning. The sun is low, casting long shadows across the green mounds, foggy rays bring hints of warmth, a fresh, dewy smell fills the air, and everything is the most vivid green of the year. It’s time to get out the bag, polish the...
Read
Topics:
Spring Cleaning: BTG Labs Style
It’s the first day of spring. Depending on where you live, this could mean opening the windows, planting seeds, rolling out the motorcycle, and waiting for Opening Day. Here at BTG Labs, we think of spring cleaning. Of course, this usually generates visions of humming vacuums and sloppy mops,...
Read
Topics:
Surface Energy Measurement on Food Packaging and Print
Food packaging and print industries often face the obstacle of adhering to low energy substrates such as polypropylene. Measuring the surface’s cleanliness prior to bonding or printing is the key to successful adhesion. The common method for measuring surface cleanliness, or surface energy on...
Read
Topics:
BTG Labs at AeroDef 2017
AeroDef Manufacturing 2017 is the pivotal event for world leaders of the aerospace and defense manufacturing industry. BTG Labs is excited to exhibit, speak, and teach a course at the conference held March 6-9 at the Fort Worth Convention Center in Fort Worth, Texas. BTG Labs Chief Scientist...
Read
Topics:
Infographic: The Surface Analyst vs. Water Break Tests and Dyne Ink
Surface Preparation in Manufacturing In manufacturing there exist critical surface preparation process requirements to ensure products are safe and reliable. There are some legacy tests to determine if these requirements are being met and that the cleaning has been sufficient to ensure strong...
Read
Topics:
Common Surface Energy Tests: Dyne Inks
For years, manufactures have implemented a conventional method of testing surface energy using a solution called dyne inks. Dyne ink, when applied to a surface, can reveal the surface's adhesion potential. But, there's an inherent problem with the inks themselves...
Read
Topics:
Dr. Giles Dillingham to Present at SAE Conference on the Evaluation of Surface Contaminants
BTG Labs will be attending the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) AMS Aerospace Organization Coatings Committee (AMS G-8)’s annual meeting May 3-5. Dr. Giles Dillingham and Lucas Dillingham will present on “An Integrated Approach to Quantification of Contaminant Effects on Surface Sensitive...
Read
Topics:
Automotive Applications Series: Ensuring Success for Formed-In-Place Gasket (FIPG) Applications
Controlling Surface Condition in FIPG Application Increasingly, FIPG processes are replacing traditional gaskets for a variety of automotive applications such as air filters, oil filters, door panels, and external engine parts. The advantages include cheaper material cost, higher throughput...
Read
Topics:
Contact Angle Measurements on Oxidized Polymer Surfaces Containing Water-Soluble Species
When Polymer Surfaces are Not Easily Accessible A recent collaboration between BTG Labs and 3M scientists demonstrates that the Surface Analyst™ can provide receding contact angles. These contact angles precisely match the Wilhelmy-balance values, but in seconds instead of minutes. The Surface...
Read
Topics: